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受戒

6529

      受戒的定义

字面意义

阿拉伯语为“伊哈拉目”(الإِحْرَام),意为禁止、阻止。

教律定义

举意朝觐或副朝,并表示已经开始朝觐或副朝仪式。

    受戒时的圣行

    1.洗大净

    哈莉哲通过她的父亲载德的传述,载德曾看见先知(愿主福安之)受戒时脱下缝制的衣服,并沐浴净身(洗大净)。[《提尔密济圣训集》辑录。]

    2.清洁卫生

    认真剪指甲、修短唇髭,拔腋毛、剃阴毛等。

    3.使用美香

    圣妻阿伊莎传述:“安拉的使者受戒时,我为他抹了香料。”[《布哈里圣训实录》、《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    但香料不可抹在戒衣上。安拉的使者(愿主福安之)说:“你们不要穿涂抹了红花和香料的衣服。”[《布哈里圣训实录》、《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    使用美香

    4.男子受戒前脱去缝制的衣服,穿上两片白色戒衣,穿上无(低)帮鞋子。

    安拉的使者(愿主福安之)说:“你们受戒时当穿上两件戒衣(一件披上身,一件做围裙)和鞋子,若没有鞋子时,可以穿靴子,但要把靴筒剪至踝骨以下。”[《提尔密济圣训集》辑录。]

    妇女受戒时,仍可穿着平时常穿的衣服,衣服的颜色也没有特别的规定,但需避免模仿男装及色彩艳丽的装饰性的服装。妇女受戒后,不可带面纱和手套。

    戒衣
    受戒者的鞋子
    妇女的面纱
    妇女的手套

    受戒后的禁戒事项

    1. 男子遮盖头部

    伊本•欧麦尔传述:一个人问:“安拉的使者啊!受戒者该穿什么衣服?”使者(愿主福安之)说:“受戒者不可穿大衣、缠头巾,不可穿长裤和裙衣。”[《布哈里圣训实录》、《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    一位受戒者亡故后,使者命令弟子们说:“……也不要包住他的头[和脸],因为他到复生日的时候,还念响应辞呢。”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    如果不直接戴在头上,或盖在头上,则无妨,比如太阳伞、帐篷、屋顶,车棚等,可以用这些遮阳。

    受戒者戴帽子
    受戒者缠头巾
    受戒者打遮阳伞
    受戒者穿裤子

    2.男子穿缝制的衣物

    缝制的衣物是指根据体型加工缝制出来的服饰,如:上衣、裤子、衬衫、靴子、袜子、手套等。正如前面的圣训所说:“受戒者不可穿大衣、缠头巾,不可穿长裤和裙衣,不可穿靴子。”[《布哈里圣训实录》、《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    如果受戒者找不到下身戒衣时,可以穿着裤子直到找到下身戒衣。如果没有鞋子时,可以穿着靴子,正如先知(愿主福安之)所说:“若没有鞋子时,可以穿靴子,但要把靴筒剪至踝骨以下。”[《伊本•胡宰麦》辑录。]

    受戒者穿靴子
    衣裙
    鞋子
    受戒者穿缝制衣服

    3.捕杀陆地猎物

    安拉说: “信道的人们啊!你们在受戒期间,或在禁地境内不要宰杀所捕获的飞禽走兽。”(筵席章:95)

    即你们为完成正朝或副朝而受戒时。又说: “你们在受戒期间,或在禁地境内,不要猎取飞禽走兽。”(筵席章:96)

    陆地猎物是指野生的允许捕杀的动物和飞鸟。

    驯养的动物不属于猎物,故允许受戒者宰杀家禽和家畜等。

    可以猎捕海洋中的猎物,因为安拉说: “海里的动物和食物,对于你们是合法的。”(筵席章:96)

    也可以捕杀教律禁止食用的动物,如蛇、蝎等。当有野兽或其它攻击性动物来袭时,除非杀死之而不得以防卫的,也可以捕杀。

    蝎子
    允许受戒者捕杀海洋猎物
    允许宰杀家畜
    捕杀陆地上的飞禽

    4.剃发、剪发或拔除身上的毛发

    安拉说: “你们不要剃发,直到牺牲达到其定所。”(黄牛章:196)

    身上其它部位的 毛发与头发一样,均禁止剃、剪或拔除。

    剃发与剪发

    5.剪指甲

    包括手指甲与脚指甲。

    剪手指甲
    剪脚趾甲

    6.在身体或者衣服上涂抹香水、香料

    受戒后禁止受戒者在身体和戒衣上涂抹香水、香料,或者故意闻香水。

    伊本•欧麦尔传述的圣训中安拉的使者(愿主福安之)说:“你们不要穿涂抹了红花和香料的衣服。”[《布哈里圣训实录》、《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    关于那位从驼背上摔下来而去世的受戒者说:“你们用清水和皂类给他沐浴净身,然后用他的两片戒衣裹住他,不要给他涂香……”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    受戒者在戒衣上涂抹香料
    受戒者在身体上涂抹香料

    7.缔结婚约

    奥斯曼传述,安拉的使者(愿主福安之)说:“受戒者不能婚嫁,也不能定婚。”[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    8.夫妻同房

    指两性性接触。安拉说:“凡在这几个月内决计朝觐的人,在朝觐中当戒除淫辞。”(黄牛章:197节)

    伊本•安巴斯说:“‘淫辞’(الرَّفَث)指的就是性交。”这是受戒者受止事项中最为严重的一项。

    9.两性触摸

    如接吻、抚摸等。因为这些是有可能导致受戒者发生性交的因素。

    妇女受戒后的受禁事项

    妇女受戒后的受禁事项与男人的一样,所不同的有下面几点:

    1.可以穿缝制的衣服。

    2.可以遮盖头部。

    3. 不能戴面纱和手套。安拉的使者(愿主福安之)说:“受戒的妇女不能戴面纱与手套。”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    受戒的妇女在陌生男人面前可以用衣角遮住脸庞,而不用面纱。受戒的妇女可以佩戴金饰品。

    一点提示

    1.所谓受戒的两拜礼拜是没有根据的,但是,如果恰逢主命拜时间,拜后举意受戒更好,或者礼两拜“庆贺拜”,然后再举意受戒也无妨。同样,受戒时也没有专门的祈祷词。

    2.如果朝觐者乘坐飞机旅行,担心越过戒关而无法穿戒衣时,他应该从家里或者从机场穿上戒衣,穿上戒衣并不意味着受戒,直到在到达戒关前举意开始朝觐仪式。

    3.有些朝觐者穿上戒衣后 一直裸露右肩,这是不正确的。裸露右肩只是在初游天房之时,除此而外都应该遮住两肩。

    露右肩

    受戒的相关律例

    受戒者无论男女在洗大小净抹头时掉头发、掉胡须,只要不是故意弄掉的就不影响受戒。

    在有必要的时候,受戒者可以在脚上缠上绷带。

    - 举意时附设条件

    谁若有病,或者担心有碍朝觐功课的事情发生,那么,他在举意受戒时可以附设条件,这是可嘉的圣行。他应该说:“主啊!为完成副朝(或者正朝)而响应你,如果有事阻碍我不能完成朝觐功课时,阻碍之地就是我的开戒之地。”阿依莎传述,安拉的使者(愿主福安之)到垛芭尔那里,对她说:“你想去朝觐?”她说:“指安拉发誓,我疾病缠身。”使者说:“你去朝觐吧,你可以附设条件而说:‘主啊!阻碍我的地方,便是我的开戒之地。’”1如此举意之后,如果发生了某事而阻碍朝觐时,可以开戒而无任何罚赎。



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