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礼拜的模式

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    面向天房,念“安拉至大”词

    ●礼拜者面向天房站定,感觉如站在安拉面前,毕恭毕敬。

    ●用心举意礼拜。

    ●升高双手对至双肩或双耳,并念:(اللهُ أَكْبَرُ) “安拉至大”。[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    ●然后用右手抓住左手,或把右手放在左手上,将双手放在脐下或胸膛上。[《艾哈迈德圣训集》辑录。]

    念“开拜词”和“开端章”

    ● 礼拜者稍稍低头,目视叩头处。[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]然后念:

    سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ وَبِحَمْدِكَ، وتَبَارَكَ اسْمُكَ، وَتَعَالَى جَدُّكَ، وَلاَ إِلَهَ غَيْرُكَ “主啊!赞你超绝,歌颂你,你的尊名真吉庆,你的尊容真清高,除你外绝无应受崇拜者。”[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    ●然后低声念“求护词”和“太斯密”。[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    求护词: أَعُوْذُ بِاللهِ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيْمِ “我求安拉保护我免遭被驱逐的恶魔的伤害。”

    太斯密: بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيْمِ “奉至仁至慈的安拉之尊名”

    ●接着念“开端章”[ 《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。],后念:«آمِين»“阿米乃” (意即:主啊!求你准允!)

    ●在前两拜中,念完“开端章”之后,再念《古兰经》中任意一章或数节经文。在晨礼、昏礼前两拜和宵礼前两拜中高念经文。

    鞠躬

    ●然后念“安拉至大!”弯腰鞠躬。鞠躬时将双手放在膝盖上,手指分开,如同抓住双膝。头背平行。鞠躬时念三遍:(سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ العَظِيْمِ) “赞颂养育我的伟大的主宰清净!”[《提尔密济圣训集》辑录。]

    ●然后起身,并念(伊玛目或单独礼拜者):(سَمِعَ اللهُ لِمَنْ حَمِدَهُ)“赞颂安拉者,安拉必会听到。”[《提尔密济圣训集》辑录。]

    然后念:(رَبَّنَا وَلَكَ الحَمْدُ)“我们的养主啊!一切赞颂全归你。”

    或念:(رَبَّنَا وَلَكَ الحَمْدُ، مِلْءَ السَّمَوَاتِ، وَمِلْءَ الأَرْضِ، وَمِلْءَ مَا بَيْنَهُمَا، وَمِلْءَ مَا شِئْتَ مِنْ شَيْءٍ بَعْدُ)“我们的养主啊!充满天地的、万有的、你所意欲的一切赞颂,都归于你。[《提尔密济圣训集》辑录。]

    将双手放成鞠躬前站立时的样子为嘉行。

    叩头

    ●礼拜者念“安拉至大”词,并俯身叩头——首先是双膝着地,然后是双手 [《艾布•达乌德圣训集》辑录]、额头与鼻子依次着地。两手与耳或肩平行,平放在地面上。

    ●双手手指一律向着天房方向,抬起前臂不可使其着地,上臂不可紧挨身体两侧,肚腹不可紧贴大腿 [《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。],叩头下去后,念三遍:(سُبْحَانَ رَبِّيَ الأَعْلَى)“赞颂养育我的至高的主宰清净”。并在叩头时多做祈祷 [《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]。

    ●然后念“安拉至大”词抬头坐起,但不伸手;平铺左脚臀坐于其上[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。],立起右脚,使右脚指头伸向天房;将双手平放在两大腿上,双手指头伸向天房方向。同时念:(اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي، وَارْحَمْنِي، وَاجْبُرْنِي، وَاهْدِنِي، وَارْزُقْنِي)“主啊!求你饶恕我,怜悯我,拯救我,引导我,供给我。”[ 《提尔密济圣训集》辑录。]

    ●然后念“安拉至大”词叩头,如同第一次叩头一样。

    ●然后念“安拉至大”词起身坐起,可以稍坐片刻(被称为休息坐)。马力克•本•乎外勒斯描述使者的礼拜模式时说:“安拉的使者(叩头起来后)没有马上站起来,而是坐停当(后才站了起来)。”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    ●然后念“安拉至大”双手撑地站起来礼第二拜[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    ●第二拜礼法及模式与第一拜完全一样,只是不念“开拜词”。

    中坐或末坐(“台善乎德”)

    ●礼拜者礼完前两拜后,跪坐(中坐),并念“庆贺词”(“台善乎德”)。坐法是“铺坐式”:平铺左脚,臀部坐于其上,立起右脚,双手平放在大腿上,左手完全展开,收拢右手小拇指和无名指,中指和大拇指绾成一个环圈,用食指指点,眼睛可看着食指。同时念作证词:

    «التَّحِيَّاتُ لِلهِ، وَالصَّلَوَاتُ وَالطَّيِّبَاتُ، السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ، السَّلَامُ عَلَيْنَا وَعَلَى عِبَادِ اللهِ الصَّالِحِيْنَ، أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُوْلُهُ»“我们所有的赞颂,拜功和善功都属于安拉。先知啊!祝你平安,安拉的仁慈与吉庆常伴你左右。也祈求安拉赐予我们平安!赐予所有廉洁的仆人们平安!我作证:除安拉外,绝无应受崇拜的,我又作证:穆罕默德是安拉的仆人和使者。”[《艾布•达乌德圣训集》辑录。]

    ●念完“庆贺词”以后,念“安拉至大”词,站起来接着礼第三拜、第四拜(如果正在礼的拜功共有三拜或四拜的话)。后一拜或两拜中只念“开端章”,不再念其它古兰经章节。

    ●在末坐时,即在念第二个“庆贺词”(台善乎德)时,部分学者认为可采用“臀坐式”[ 《艾布•达乌德圣训集》辑录。]:即将左脚放平,从右腿下伸出去,立起右脚,臂部坐在地上。坐稳后即念“庆贺词”,与第一个“庆贺词”完全一样,然后增加“赞圣词”:

    «اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ، كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيْمَ وَعَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيْمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيْدٌ مَجِيْدٌ. اللَّهُمَّ بَارِكْ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ، كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيْمَ وَعَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيْمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيْدٌ مَجِيْدٌ» “主啊!你祝福穆罕默德及其眷属,正如你曾祝福易卜拉欣及其眷属一样。你确是可赞的,是伟大的。主啊!你赐福穆罕默德及其眷属,正如你曾赐福易卜拉欣及其眷属一样。你确是可赞的,是伟大的。”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    ●然后再念任意祈祷词,比如念这句:

    «اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوْذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ جَهَنَمَ، وَمِنْ عَذَابِ القَبْرِ، وَمِنْ فِتْنَةِ المَحْيَا وَالمَمَاتِ، وَمِنْ شَرِّ فِتْنَةِ المَسِيْحِ الدَّجَّالِ» “主啊!我向你求护佑,免遭火狱的刑罚,坟墓里的刑罚,免遭生与死的磨难,以及骗子手(旦扎里)的考验之灾。”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    或者念这句:

    «اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي ظُلْمًا كَثِيْرًا وَلَا يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوْبَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ فَاغْفِرْلِي مَغْفِرَةً مِنْ عِنْدِكَ، إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الغَفُوْر ُالرَّحِيْمُ» “主啊!我确已自欺了,只有你能够饶恕罪过,求你饶恕我吧!你确是至恕的至慈的主!”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    出“赛俩目”

    礼拜结束时,礼拜者先右后左扭头出“赛俩目”出拜:

    السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ“愿安拉使你们平安并怜悯你们。”[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    禁戒的大赞(开拜大赞词)
    读“开端章”
    鞠躬
    叩头
    末坐并念“庆贺词”
    两次叩头之间稍坐
    出“赛俩目”

    拜后祷词

    «أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللهَ» “我向安拉求饶恕”(三遍)

    «اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ السَّلَامُ، وَمِنْكَ السَّلَامُ، تَبَارَكْتَ يَا ذَا الجَلَالِ وَالإِكْرَامِ» “主啊!你是和平的主,和平来自于你!具有大德和尊严的主啊!你真吉庆!”[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    «لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ، لَهُ المُلْكُ وَلَهُ الحَمْدُ وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيْرٌ، اللَّهُمَّ لَا مَانِعَ لِمَا أَعْطَيْتَ، وَلَا مُعْطِيَ لِمَا مَنَعْتَ، وَلَا يَنْفَعُ ذَا الجَدِّ مِنْكَ الجَدُّ» “除安拉外绝无应受崇拜的,安拉至尊独一。一切权利归他所有,一切赞颂归他所有,他是无所不能的。主啊!只有你供给,没有人能阻挠;只要你拒绝,没有人能恩赏。有权势者的权势在你看来毫无裨益。”[《布哈里圣训实录》辑录。]

    «لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ ، لَهُ المُلْكُ، وَلَهُ الحَمْدُ وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيْرٌ. لَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللهِ، لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، وَلَا نَعْبُدُ إِلَّا إِيَّاهُ، لَهُ النِّعْمَةُ وَلَهُ الفَضْلُ وَلَهُ الثَّنَاءُ الحَسَنُ، لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، مُخْلِصِيْنَ لَهُ الدِّيْنَ وَلَوْ كَرِهَ الكَافِرُوْنَ»“除安拉外绝无应受崇拜的,安拉至尊独一。一切权利归他所有,一切赞颂归他所有,他是无所不能的。无法无力,唯凭安拉。除安拉外,绝无应受崇拜的。我们只崇拜他。一切恩典来自他,一切恩赏来自他,所有美好的赞颂全归他。除安拉外,绝无应受崇拜的,我们只对他虔诚敬意,即使异教徒讨厌也罢。”[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    سُبْحَانَ اللهِ“赞主清净”、 الحَمْدُ للهِ “一切赞颂全归安拉”、 اللهُ أَكْبَرُ “安拉至大”。(各33遍)

    «لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ، لَهُ المُلْكُ وَلَهُ الحَمْدُ، وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيْرٌ»“除安拉外绝无应受崇拜的,安拉至尊独一。一切权利归他所有,一切赞颂归他所有,他是无所不能的。”[ 《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    «اللَّهُمَّ أَعِنِّي عَلَى ذِكْرِكَ، وَشُكْرِكَ، وَحُسْنِ عِبَادَتِكَ» “主啊!求你帮助我记念你、感谢你、很好地崇拜你。”[《艾布•达乌德圣训集》辑录。]

    念“宝座经文”(黄牛章:255)、“忠诚章”、“曙光章”、“人章”。[《奈萨仪圣训集》辑录。]

    晨礼拜出“赛俩目”后念: «اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ عِلْمًا نَافِعًا ، وَرِزْقًا طَيِبًا ، وَعَمَلًا مُتَقَبَّلًا» “主啊!我向你祈求有益的知识、佳美的给养、蒙准承的工作。”[《伊本•马哲圣训集》辑录。]

    圣妻阿依莎传述:她说:“安拉的使者以念‘安拉至大’词开拜;接着念‘一切赞颂,全归真主——全世界的主……’进入礼拜;他鞠躬时,既不耷拉着头,也不抬着头,而是介于两者之间;当他鞠躬起来时,不会立即叩头,而是直到他站直、站稳后再从容叩头;当他从第一个叩头中起身坐起后,不会立即再次叩头,而是他坐正、坐稳后再从容叩头;他每礼两拜念一次‘庆贺词’(台善乎德);他(坐时),平铺左脚,竖起右脚。他禁止我们跟随恶魔的步伐,禁止我们叩头时平铺双肘像动物一样趴着。他最后以说‘赛俩目’结束拜功。”[《穆斯林圣训实录》辑录。]

    法学常识

    1.有些人在两个叩头之间的“休息坐”或在中坐与末坐中,若按正确姿势去坐,就会感到脚很痛,或不舒服。在这种情况下,他可以按自己能够的姿势去坐,因为困难面前,难事化易。

    2.女子的礼拜模式与男子的礼拜模式一样。



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